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Brian White cc1318b5ed doc: improve links in Buffer docs

This commit adds more links and reuses existing link references more.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/7784
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Trevor Norris <trev.norris@gmail.com>

2016-07-22 17:42:13 -04:00

64 KiB

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Buffer

Stability: 2 - Stable

Prior to the introduction of TypedArray in ECMAScript 2015 (ES6), the JavaScript language had no mechanism for reading or manipulating streams of binary data. The Buffer class was introduced as part of the Node.js API to make it possible to interact with octet streams in the context of things like TCP streams and file system operations.

Now that TypedArray has been added in ES6, the Buffer class implements the Uint8Array API in a manner that is more optimized and suitable for Node.js' use cases.

Instances of the Buffer class are similar to arrays of integers but correspond to fixed-sized, raw memory allocations outside the V8 heap. The size of the Buffer is established when it is created and cannot be resized.

The Buffer class is a global within Node.js, making it unlikely that one would need to ever use require('buffer').Buffer.

// Creates a zero-filled Buffer of length 10.
const buf1 = Buffer.alloc(10);

// Creates a Buffer of length 10, filled with 0x1.
const buf2 = Buffer.alloc(10, 1);

// Creates an uninitialized buffer of length 10.
// This is faster than calling Buffer.alloc() but the returned
// Buffer instance might contain old data that needs to be
// overwritten using either fill() or write().
const buf3 = Buffer.allocUnsafe(10);

// Creates a Buffer containing [0x1, 0x2, 0x3].
const buf4 = Buffer.from([1, 2, 3]);

// Creates a Buffer containing ASCII bytes [0x74, 0x65, 0x73, 0x74].
const buf5 = Buffer.from('test');

// Creates a Buffer containing UTF-8 bytes [0x74, 0xc3, 0xa9, 0x73, 0x74].
const buf6 = Buffer.from('tést', 'utf8');

`Buffer.from()`, `Buffer.alloc()`, and `Buffer.allocUnsafe()`

In versions of Node.js prior to v6, Buffer instances were created using the Buffer constructor function, which allocates the returned Buffer differently based on what arguments are provided:

Passing a number as the first argument to Buffer() (e.g. new Buffer(10)), allocates a new Buffer object of the specified size. The memory allocated for such Buffer instances is not initialized and can contain sensitive data. Such Buffer instances must be initialized manually by using either buf.fill(0) or by writing to the Buffer completely. While this behavior is intentional to improve performance, development experience has demonstrated that a more explicit distinction is required between creating a fast-but-uninitialized Buffer versus creating a slower-but-safer Buffer.
Passing a string, array, or Buffer as the first argument copies the passed object's data into the Buffer.
Passing an ArrayBuffer returns a Buffer that shares allocated memory with the given ArrayBuffer.

Because the behavior of new Buffer() changes significantly based on the type of value passed as the first argument, applications that do not properly validate the input arguments passed to new Buffer(), or that fail to appropriately initialize newly allocated Buffer content, can inadvertently introduce security and reliability issues into their code.

To make the creation of Buffer objects more reliable and less error prone, the various forms of the new Buffer() constructor have been deprecated and replaced by separate Buffer.from(), Buffer.alloc(), and Buffer.allocUnsafe() methods.

Developers should migrate all existing uses of the new Buffer() constructors to one of these new APIs.

Buffer.from(array) returns a new Buffer containing a copy of the provided octets.
Buffer.from(arrayBuffer[, byteOffset [, length]]) returns a new Buffer that shares the same allocated memory as the given ArrayBuffer.
Buffer.from(buffer) returns a new Buffer containing a copy of the contents of the given Buffer.
Buffer.from(string[, encoding]) returns a new Buffer containing a copy of the provided string.
Buffer.alloc(size[, fill[, encoding]]) returns a "filled" Buffer instance of the specified size. This method can be significantly slower than Buffer.allocUnsafe(size) but ensures that newly created Buffer instances never contain old and potentially sensitive data.
Buffer.allocUnsafe(size) and Buffer.allocUnsafeSlow(size) each return a new Buffer of the specified size whose content must be initialized using either buf.fill(0) or written to completely.

Buffer instances returned by Buffer.allocUnsafe() may be allocated off a shared internal memory pool if size is less than or equal to half Buffer.poolSize. Instances returned by Buffer.allocUnsafeSlow() never use the shared internal memory pool.

The `--zero-fill-buffers` command line option

Node.js can be started using the --zero-fill-buffers command line option to force all newly allocated Buffer instances created using either new Buffer(size), Buffer.allocUnsafe(), Buffer.allocUnsafeSlow() or new SlowBuffer(size) to be automatically zero-filled upon creation. Use of this flag changes the default behavior of these methods and can have a significant impact on performance. Use of the --zero-fill-buffers option is recommended only when necessary to enforce that newly allocated Buffer instances cannot contain potentially sensitive data.

$ node --zero-fill-buffers
> Buffer.allocUnsafe(5);
<Buffer 00 00 00 00 00>

What makes `Buffer.allocUnsafe()` and `Buffer.allocUnsafeSlow()` "unsafe"?

When calling Buffer.allocUnsafe() and Buffer.allocUnsafeSlow(), the segment of allocated memory is uninitialized (it is not zeroed-out). While this design makes the allocation of memory quite fast, the allocated segment of memory might contain old data that is potentially sensitive. Using a Buffer created by Buffer.allocUnsafe() without completely overwriting the memory can allow this old data to be leaked when the Buffer memory is read.

While there are clear performance advantages to using Buffer.allocUnsafe(), extra care must be taken in order to avoid introducing security vulnerabilities into an application.

Buffers and Character Encodings

Buffers are commonly used to represent sequences of encoded characters such as UTF8, UCS2, Base64 or even Hex-encoded data. It is possible to convert back and forth between Buffers and ordinary JavaScript string objects by using an explicit encoding method.

const buf = Buffer.from('hello world', 'ascii');

// Prints: 68656c6c6f20776f726c64
console.log(buf.toString('hex'));

// Prints: aGVsbG8gd29ybGQ=
console.log(buf.toString('base64'));

The character encodings currently supported by Node.js include:

'ascii' - for 7-bit ASCII data only. This encoding method is very fast and will strip the high bit if set.
'utf8' - Multibyte encoded Unicode characters. Many web pages and other document formats use UTF-8.
'utf16le' - 2 or 4 bytes, little-endian encoded Unicode characters. Surrogate pairs (U+10000 to U+10FFFF) are supported.
'ucs2' - Alias of 'utf16le'.
'base64' - Base64 string encoding. When creating a buffer from a string, this encoding will also correctly accept "URL and Filename Safe Alphabet" as specified in RFC4648, Section 5.
'latin1' - A way of encoding the Buffer into a one-byte encoded string (as defined by the IANA in RFC1345, page 63, to be the Latin-1 supplement block and C0/C1 control codes).
'binary' - Alias for latin1.
'hex' - Encode each byte as two hexadecimal characters.

Note: Today's browsers follow the WHATWG spec which aliases both 'latin1' and ISO-8859-1 to Windows-1252. This means that while doing something like http.get(), if the returned charset is one of those listed in the WHATWG spec it's possible that the server actually returned win-1252 encoded data, and using latin1 encoding may incorrectly decode the graphical characters.

Buffers and TypedArray

Buffer instances are also Uint8Array instances. However, there are subtle incompatibilities with the TypedArray specification in ECMAScript 2015. For example, while ArrayBuffer#slice() creates a copy of the slice, the implementation of Buffer#slice() creates a view over the existing Buffer without copying, making Buffer#slice() far more efficient.

It is also possible to create new TypedArray instances from a Buffer with the following caveats:

The Buffer object's memory is copied to the TypedArray, not shared.
The Buffer object's memory is interpreted as an array of distinct elements, and not as a byte array of the target type. That is, new Uint32Array(Buffer.from([1, 2, 3, 4])) creates a 4-element Uint32Array with elements [1, 2, 3, 4], not a Uint32Array with a single element [0x1020304] or [0x4030201].

It is possible to create a new Buffer that shares the same allocated memory as a TypedArray instance by using the TypeArray object's .buffer property.

const arr = new Uint16Array(2);

arr[0] = 5000;
arr[1] = 4000;

// Copies the contents of `arr`
const buf1 = Buffer.from(arr);

// Shares memory with `arr`
const buf2 = Buffer.from(arr.buffer);

// Prints: <Buffer 88 a0>
console.log(buf1);

// Prints: <Buffer 88 13 a0 0f>
console.log(buf2);

arr[1] = 6000;

// Prints: <Buffer 88 a0>
console.log(buf1);

// Prints: <Buffer 88 13 70 17>
console.log(buf2);

Note that when creating a Buffer using a TypedArray's .buffer, it is possible to use only a portion of the underlying ArrayBuffer by passing in byteOffset and length parameters.

const arr = new Uint16Array(20);
const buf = Buffer.from(arr.buffer, 0, 16);

// Prints: 16
console.log(buf.length);

The Buffer.from() and TypedArray.from() (e.g. Uint8Array.from()) have different signatures and implementations. Specifically, the TypedArray variants accept a second argument that is a mapping function that is invoked on every element of the typed array:

TypedArray.from(source[, mapFn[, thisArg]])

The Buffer.from() method, however, does not support the use of a mapping function:

Buffer.from(array)
Buffer.from(buffer)
Buffer.from(arrayBuffer[, byteOffset [, length]])
Buffer.from(string[, encoding])

Buffers and ES6 iteration

Buffers can be iterated over using the ECMAScript 2015 (ES6) for..of syntax:

const buf = Buffer.from([1, 2, 3]);

// Prints:
//   1
//   2
//   3
for (var b of buf) {
  console.log(b);
}

Additionally, the buf.values(), buf.keys(), and buf.entries() methods can be used to create iterators.

Class: Buffer

The Buffer class is a global type for dealing with binary data directly. It can be constructed in a variety of ways.

new Buffer(array)

Stability: 0 - Deprecated: Use [`Buffer.from(array)`] instead.

array {Array}

Allocates a new Buffer using an array of octets.

// Creates a new Buffer containing the ASCII bytes of the string 'buffer'
const buf = new Buffer([0x62, 0x75, 0x66, 0x66, 0x65, 0x72]);

new Buffer(buffer)

Stability: 0 - Deprecated: Use [`Buffer.from(buffer)`] instead.

buffer {Buffer}

Copies the passed buffer data onto a new Buffer instance.

const buf1 = new Buffer('buffer');
const buf2 = new Buffer(buf1);

buf1[0] = 0x61;

// Prints: auffer
console.log(buf1.toString());

// Prints: buffer
console.log(buf2.toString());

new Buffer(arrayBuffer[, byteOffset [, length]])

Stability: 0 - Deprecated: Use
[`Buffer.from(arrayBuffer[, byteOffset [, length]])`][`Buffer.from(arrayBuffer)`]
instead.

arrayBuffer {ArrayBuffer} The .buffer property of a TypedArray or a new ArrayBuffer()
byteOffset {Number} Default: 0
length {Number} Default: arrayBuffer.length - byteOffset

When passed a reference to the .buffer property of a TypedArray instance, the newly created Buffer will share the same allocated memory as the TypedArray.

The optional byteOffset and length arguments specify a memory range within the arrayBuffer that will be shared by the Buffer.

const arr = new Uint16Array(2);

arr[0] = 5000;
arr[1] = 4000;

// Shares memory with `arr`
const buf = new Buffer(arr.buffer);

// Prints: <Buffer 88 13 a0 0f>
console.log(buf);

// Changing the original Uint16Array changes the Buffer also
arr[1] = 6000;

// Prints: <Buffer 88 13 70 17>
console.log(buf);

new Buffer(size)

Stability: 0 - Deprecated: Use [`Buffer.alloc()`] instead (also see
[`Buffer.allocUnsafe()`]).

size {Number}

Allocates a new Buffer of size bytes. The size must be less than or equal to the value of require('buffer').kMaxLength (on 64-bit architectures, kMaxLength is (2^31)-1). Otherwise, a RangeError is thrown. A zero-length Buffer will be created if a size less than or equal to 0 is specified.

Unlike ArrayBuffers, the underlying memory for Buffer instances created in this way is not initialized. The contents of a newly created Buffer are unknown and could contain sensitive data. Use buf.fill(0) to initialize a Buffer to zeroes.

const buf = new Buffer(5);

// Prints (contents may vary): <Buffer 78 e0 82 02 01>
console.log(buf);

buf.fill(0);

// Prints: <Buffer 00 00 00 00 00>
console.log(buf);

new Buffer(str[, encoding])

Stability: 0 - Deprecated:
Use [`Buffer.from(str[, encoding])`][buffer_from_string] instead.

str {String} string to encode.
encoding {String} Default: 'utf8'

Creates a new Buffer containing the given JavaScript string str. If provided, the encoding parameter identifies the strings character encoding.

const buf1 = new Buffer('this is a tést');

// Prints: this is a tést
console.log(buf1.toString());

// Prints: this is a tC)st
console.log(buf1.toString('ascii'));


const buf2 = new Buffer('7468697320697320612074c3a97374', 'hex');

// Prints: this is a tést
console.log(buf2.toString());

Class Method: Buffer.alloc(size[, fill[, encoding]])

size {Number}
fill {Value} Default: undefined
encoding {String} Default: utf8

Allocates a new Buffer of size bytes. If fill is undefined, the Buffer will be zero-filled.

const buf = Buffer.alloc(5);

// Prints: <Buffer 00 00 00 00 00>
console.log(buf);

The size must be less than or equal to the value of require('buffer').kMaxLength (on 64-bit architectures, kMaxLength is (2^31)-1). Otherwise, a RangeError is thrown. A zero-length Buffer will be created if a size less than or equal to 0 is specified.

If fill is specified, the allocated Buffer will be initialized by calling buf.fill(fill).

const buf = Buffer.alloc(5, 'a');

// Prints: <Buffer 61 61 61 61 61>
console.log(buf);

If both fill and encoding are specified, the allocated Buffer will be initialized by calling buf.fill(fill, encoding).

const buf = Buffer.alloc(11, 'aGVsbG8gd29ybGQ=', 'base64');

// Prints: <Buffer 68 65 6c 6c 6f 20 77 6f 72 6c 64>
console.log(buf);

Calling Buffer.alloc() can be significantly slower than the alternative Buffer.allocUnsafe() but ensures that the newly created Buffer instance contents will never contain sensitive data.

A TypeError will be thrown if size is not a number.

Class Method: Buffer.allocUnsafe(size)

size {Number}

Allocates a new non-zero-filled Buffer of size bytes. The size must be less than or equal to the value of require('buffer').kMaxLength (on 64-bit architectures, kMaxLength is (2^31)-1). Otherwise, a RangeError is thrown. A zero-length Buffer will be created if a size less than or equal to 0 is specified.

The underlying memory for Buffer instances created in this way is not initialized. The contents of the newly created Buffer are unknown and may contain sensitive data. Use buf.fill(0) to initialize such Buffer instances to zeroes.

const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(5);

// Prints (contents may vary): <Buffer 78 e0 82 02 01>
console.log(buf);

buf.fill(0);

// Prints: <Buffer 00 00 00 00 00>
console.log(buf);

A TypeError will be thrown if size is not a number.

Note that the Buffer module pre-allocates an internal Buffer instance of size Buffer.poolSize that is used as a pool for the fast allocation of new Buffer instances created using Buffer.allocUnsafe() (and the deprecated new Buffer(size) constructor) only when size is less than or equal to Buffer.poolSize >> 1 (floor of Buffer.poolSize divided by two). The default value of Buffer.poolSize is 8192 but can be modified.

Use of this pre-allocated internal memory pool is a key difference between calling Buffer.alloc(size, fill) vs. Buffer.allocUnsafe(size).fill(fill). Specifically, Buffer.alloc(size, fill) will never use the internal Buffer pool, while Buffer.allocUnsafe(size).fill(fill) will use the internal Buffer pool if size is less than or equal to half Buffer.poolSize. The difference is subtle but can be important when an application requires the additional performance that Buffer.allocUnsafe() provides.

Class Method: Buffer.allocUnsafeSlow(size)

size {Number}

Allocates a new non-zero-filled and non-pooled Buffer of size bytes. The size must be less than or equal to the value of require('buffer').kMaxLength (on 64-bit architectures, kMaxLength is (2^31)-1). Otherwise, a RangeError is thrown. A zero-length Buffer will be created if a size less than or equal to 0 is specified.

When using Buffer.allocUnsafe() to allocate new Buffer instances, allocations under 4KB are, by default, sliced from a single pre-allocated Buffer. This allows applications to avoid the garbage collection overhead of creating many individually allocated Buffers. This approach improves both performance and memory usage by eliminating the need to track and cleanup as many Persistent objects.

However, in the case where a developer may need to retain a small chunk of memory from a pool for an indeterminate amount of time, it may be appropriate to create an un-pooled Buffer instance using Buffer.allocUnsafeSlow() then copy out the relevant bits.

// Need to keep around a few small chunks of memory
const store = [];

socket.on('readable', () => {
  const data = socket.read();

  // Allocate for retained data
  const sb = Buffer.allocUnsafeSlow(10);

  // Copy the data into the new allocation
  data.copy(sb, 0, 0, 10);

  store.push(sb);
});

Use of Buffer.allocUnsafeSlow() should be used only as a last resort after a developer has observed undue memory retention in their applications.

A TypeError will be thrown if size is not a number.

Class Method: Buffer.byteLength(string[, encoding])

string {String | Buffer | TypedArray | DataView | ArrayBuffer}
encoding {String} Default: 'utf8'
Return: {Number}

Returns the actual byte length of a string. This is not the same as String.prototype.length since that returns the number of characters in a string.

Example:

const str = '\u00bd + \u00bc = \u00be';

// Prints: ½ + ¼ = ¾: 9 characters, 12 bytes
console.log(`${str}: ${str.length} characters, ` +
            `${Buffer.byteLength(str, 'utf8')} bytes`);

When string is a Buffer/DataView/TypedArray/ArrayBuffer, the actual byte length is returned.

Otherwise, converts to String and returns the byte length of string.

Class Method: Buffer.compare(buf1, buf2)

buf1 {Buffer}
buf2 {Buffer}
Return: {Number}

Compares buf1 to buf2 typically for the purpose of sorting arrays of Buffer instances. This is equivalent to calling buf1.compare(buf2).

const buf1 = Buffer.from('1234');
const buf2 = Buffer.from('0123');
const arr = [buf1, buf2];

// Prints: [ <Buffer 30 31 32 33>, <Buffer 31 32 33 34> ]
// (This result is equal to: [buf2, buf1])
console.log(arr.sort(Buffer.compare));

Class Method: Buffer.concat(list[, totalLength])

list {Array} List of Buffer objects to concat
totalLength {Number} Total length of the Buffers in the list when concatenated
Return: {Buffer}

Returns a new Buffer which is the result of concatenating all the Buffers in the list together.

If the list has no items, or if the totalLength is 0, then a new zero-length Buffer is returned.

If totalLength is not provided, it is calculated from the Buffers in the list. This, however, adds an additional loop to the function, so it is faster to provide the length explicitly.

Example: build a single Buffer from a list of three Buffers:

const buf1 = Buffer.alloc(10);
const buf2 = Buffer.alloc(14);
const buf3 = Buffer.alloc(18);
const totalLength = buf1.length + buf2.length + buf3.length;

// Prints: 42
console.log(totalLength);

const bufA = Buffer.concat([buf1, buf2, buf3], totalLength);

// Prints: <Buffer 00 00 00 00 ...>
console.log(bufA);

// Prints: 42
console.log(bufA.length);

Class Method: Buffer.from(array)

array {Array}

Allocates a new Buffer using an array of octets.

// Creates a new Buffer containing ASCII bytes of the string 'buffer'
const buf = Buffer.from([0x62, 0x75, 0x66, 0x66, 0x65, 0x72]);

A TypeError will be thrown if array is not an Array.

Class Method: Buffer.from(arrayBuffer[, byteOffset[, length]])

arrayBuffer {ArrayBuffer} The .buffer property of a TypedArray or a new ArrayBuffer()
byteOffset {Number} Default: 0
length {Number} Default: arrayBuffer.length - byteOffset

When passed a reference to the .buffer property of a TypedArray instance, the newly created Buffer will share the same allocated memory as the TypedArray.

const arr = new Uint16Array(2);

arr[0] = 5000;
arr[1] = 4000;

// Shares memory with `arr`
const buf = Buffer.from(arr.buffer);

// Prints: <Buffer 88 13 a0 0f>
console.log(buf);

// Changing the original Uint16Array changes the Buffer also
arr[1] = 6000;

// Prints: <Buffer 88 13 70 17>
console.log(buf);

The optional byteOffset and length arguments specify a memory range within the arrayBuffer that will be shared by the Buffer.

const ab = new ArrayBuffer(10);
const buf = Buffer.from(ab, 0, 2);

// Prints: 2
console.log(buf.length);

A TypeError will be thrown if arrayBuffer is not an ArrayBuffer.

Class Method: Buffer.from(buffer)

buffer {Buffer}

Copies the passed buffer data onto a new Buffer instance.

const buf1 = Buffer.from('buffer');
const buf2 = Buffer.from(buf1);

buf1[0] = 0x61;

// Prints: auffer
console.log(buf1.toString());

// Prints: buffer
console.log(buf2.toString());

A TypeError will be thrown if buffer is not a Buffer.

Class Method: Buffer.from(str[, encoding])

str {String} String to encode.
encoding {String} Encoding to use, Default: 'utf8'

Creates a new Buffer containing the given JavaScript string str. If provided, the encoding parameter identifies the character encoding. If not provided, encoding defaults to 'utf8'.

const buf1 = Buffer.from('this is a tést');

// Prints: this is a tést
console.log(buf1.toString());

// Prints: this is a tC)st
console.log(buf1.toString('ascii'));


const buf2 = Buffer.from('7468697320697320612074c3a97374', 'hex');

// Prints: this is a tést
console.log(buf2.toString());

A TypeError will be thrown if str is not a string.

Class Method: Buffer.isBuffer(obj)

obj {Object}
Return: {Boolean}

Returns 'true' if obj is a Buffer.

Class Method: Buffer.isEncoding(encoding)

encoding {String} The encoding string to test
Return: {Boolean}

Returns true if the encoding is a valid encoding argument, or false otherwise.

buf[index]

The index operator [index] can be used to get and set the octet at position index in the Buffer. The values refer to individual bytes, so the legal value range is between 0x00 and 0xFF (hex) or 0 and 255 (decimal).

Example: copy an ASCII string into a Buffer, one byte at a time:

const str = 'Node.js';
const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(str.length);

for (let i = 0; i < str.length ; i++) {
  buf[i] = str.charCodeAt(i);
}

// Prints: Node.js
console.log(buf.toString('ascii'));

buf.compare(target[, targetStart[, targetEnd[, sourceStart[, sourceEnd]]]])

target {Buffer}
targetStart {Integer} The offset within target at which to begin comparison. default = 0.
targetEnd {Integer} The offset with target at which to end comparison. Ignored when targetStart is undefined. default = target.byteLength.
sourceStart {Integer} The offset within buf at which to begin comparison. Ignored when targetStart is undefined. default = 0
sourceEnd {Integer} The offset within buf at which to end comparison. Ignored when targetStart is undefined. default = buf.byteLength.
Return: {Number}

Compares two Buffer instances and returns a number indicating whether buf comes before, after, or is the same as the target in sort order. Comparison is based on the actual sequence of bytes in each Buffer.

0 is returned if target is the same as buf
1 is returned if target should come before buf when sorted.
-1 is returned if target should come after buf when sorted.

const buf1 = Buffer.from('ABC');
const buf2 = Buffer.from('BCD');
const buf3 = Buffer.from('ABCD');

// Prints: 0
console.log(buf1.compare(buf1));

// Prints: -1
console.log(buf1.compare(buf2));

// Prints: -1
console.log(buf1.compare(buf3));

// Prints: 1
console.log(buf2.compare(buf1));

// Prints: 1
console.log(buf2.compare(buf3));

// Prints: [ <Buffer 41 42 43>, <Buffer 41 42 43 44>, <Buffer 42 43 44> ]
// (This result is equal to: [buf1, buf3, buf2])
console.log([buf1, buf2, buf3].sort(Buffer.compare));

The optional targetStart, targetEnd, sourceStart, and sourceEnd arguments can be used to limit the comparison to specific ranges within the two Buffer objects.

const buf1 = Buffer.from([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]);
const buf2 = Buffer.from([5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1, 2, 3, 4]);

// Prints: 0
console.log(buf1.compare(buf2, 5, 9, 0, 4));

// Prints: -1
console.log(buf1.compare(buf2, 0, 6, 4));

// Prints: 1
console.log(buf1.compare(buf2, 5, 6, 5));

A RangeError will be thrown if: targetStart < 0, sourceStart < 0, targetEnd > target.byteLength or sourceEnd > source.byteLength.

buf.copy(targetBuffer[, targetStart[, sourceStart[, sourceEnd]]])

targetBuffer {Buffer} Buffer to copy into
targetStart {Number} Default: 0
sourceStart {Number} Default: 0
sourceEnd {Number} Default: buffer.length
Return: {Number} The number of bytes copied.

Copies data from a region of this Buffer to a region in the target Buffer even if the target memory region overlaps with the source.

Example: build two Buffers, then copy buf1 from byte 16 through byte 19 into buf2, starting at the 8th byte in buf2.

const buf1 = Buffer.allocUnsafe(26);
const buf2 = Buffer.allocUnsafe(26).fill('!');

for (let i = 0 ; i < 26 ; i++) {
  // 97 is the decimal ASCII value for 'a'
  buf1[i] = i + 97;
}

buf1.copy(buf2, 8, 16, 20);

// Prints: !!!!!!!!qrst!!!!!!!!!!!!!
console.log(buf2.toString('ascii', 0, 25));

Example: Build a single Buffer, then copy data from one region to an overlapping region in the same Buffer

const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(26);

for (var i = 0 ; i < 26 ; i++) {
  // 97 is the decimal ASCII value for 'a'
  buf[i] = i + 97;
}

buf.copy(buf, 0, 4, 10);

// Prints: efghijghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
console.log(buf.toString());

buf.entries()

Return: {Iterator}

Creates and returns an iterator of [index, byte] pairs from the contents of buf.

const buf = Buffer.from('buffer');

// Prints:
//   [0, 98]
//   [1, 117]
//   [2, 102]
//   [3, 102]
//   [4, 101]
//   [5, 114]
for (var pair of buf.entries()) {
  console.log(pair);
}

buf.equals(otherBuffer)

otherBuffer {Buffer}
Return: {Boolean}

Returns a boolean indicating whether this and otherBuffer have exactly the same bytes.

const buf1 = Buffer.from('ABC');
const buf2 = Buffer.from('414243', 'hex');
const buf3 = Buffer.from('ABCD');

// Prints: true
console.log(buf1.equals(buf2));

// Prints: false
console.log(buf1.equals(buf3));

buf.fill(value[, offset[, end]][, encoding])

value {String|Buffer|Number}
offset {Number} Default: 0
end {Number} Default: buf.length
encoding {String} Default: 'utf8'
Return: {Buffer}

Fills the Buffer with the specified value. If the offset (defaults to 0) and end (defaults to buf.length) are not given the entire buffer will be filled. The method returns a reference to the Buffer, so calls can be chained. This is meant as a small simplification to creating a Buffer. Allowing the creation and fill of the Buffer to be done on a single line:

const b = Buffer.allocUnsafe(50).fill('h');

// Prints: hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
console.log(b.toString());

encoding is only relevant if value is a string. Otherwise it is ignored. value is coerced to a uint32 value if it is not a String or Number.

The fill() operation writes bytes into the Buffer dumbly. If the final write falls in between a multi-byte character then whatever bytes fit into the buffer are written.

// Prints: <Buffer c8 a2 c8>
console.log(Buffer.allocUnsafe(3).fill('\u0222'));

buf.indexOf(value[, byteOffset][, encoding])

value {String|Buffer|Number}
byteOffset {Number} Default: 0
encoding {String} Default: 'utf8'
Return: {Number}

Operates similar to [Array#indexOf()][] in that it returns either the starting index position of value in Buffer or -1 if the Buffer does not contain value. The value can be a String, Buffer or Number. Strings are by default interpreted as UTF8. Buffers will use the entire Buffer (to compare a partial Buffer use buf.slice()). Numbers will be interpreted as unsigned 8-bit integer values between 0 and 255.

const buf = Buffer.from('this is a buffer');

// Prints: 0
console.log(buf.indexOf('this')));

// Prints: 2
console.log(buf.indexOf('is'));

// Prints: 8
console.log(buf.indexOf(Buffer.from('a buffer')));

// Prints: 8
// (97 is the decimal ASCII value for 'a')
console.log(buf.indexOf(97));

// Prints: -1
console.log(buf.indexOf(Buffer.from('a buffer example')));

// Prints: 8
console.log(buf.indexOf(Buffer.from('a buffer example').slice(0, 8)));


const utf16Buffer = Buffer.from('\u039a\u0391\u03a3\u03a3\u0395', 'ucs2');

// Prints: 4
console.log(utf16Buffer.indexOf('\u03a3', 0, 'ucs2'));

// Prints: 6
console.log(utf16Buffer.indexOf('\u03a3', -4, 'ucs2'));

buf.includes(value[, byteOffset][, encoding])

value {String|Buffer|Number}
byteOffset {Number} Default: 0
encoding {String} Default: 'utf8'
Return: {Boolean}

Operates similar to [Array#includes()][]. The value can be a String, Buffer or Number. Strings are interpreted as UTF8 unless overridden with the encoding argument. Buffers will use the entire Buffer (to compare a partial Buffer use buf.slice()). Numbers will be interpreted as unsigned 8-bit integer values between 0 and 255.

The byteOffset indicates the index in buf where searching begins.

const buf = Buffer.from('this is a buffer');

// Prints: true
console.log(buf.includes('this'));

// Prints: true
console.log(buf.includes('is'));

// Prints: true
console.log(buf.includes(Buffer.from('a buffer')));

// Prints: true
// (97 is the decimal ASCII value for 'a')
console.log(buf.includes(97));

// Prints: false
console.log(buf.includes(Buffer.from('a buffer example')));

// Prints: true
console.log(buf.includes(Buffer.from('a buffer example').slice(0, 8)));

// Prints: false
console.log(buf.includes('this', 4));

buf.keys()

Return: {Iterator}

Creates and returns an iterator of buf keys (indices).

const buf = Buffer.from('buffer');

// Prints:
//   0
//   1
//   2
//   3
//   4
//   5
for (var key of buf.keys()) {
  console.log(key);
}

buf.lastIndexOf(value[, byteOffset][, encoding])

value {String|Buffer|Number}
byteOffset {Number} Default: buf.length
encoding {String} Default: 'utf8'
Return: {Number}

Identical to [Buffer#indexOf()][], but searches the Buffer from back to front instead of front to back. Returns the starting index position of value in Buffer or -1 if the Buffer does not contain value. The value can be a String, Buffer or Number. Strings are by default interpreted as UTF8. If byteOffset is provided, will return the last match that begins at or before byteOffset.

const buf = Buffer.from('this buffer is a buffer');

// Prints: 0
console.log(buf.lastIndexOf('this'));

// Prints: 17
console.log(buf.lastIndexOf('buffer'));

// Prints: 17
console.log(buf.lastIndexOf(Buffer.from('buffer')));

// Prints: 15
// (97 is the decimal ASCII value for 'a')
console.log(buf.lastIndexOf(97));

// Prints: -1
console.log(buf.lastIndexOf(Buffer.from('yolo')));

// Prints: 5
console.log(buf.lastIndexOf('buffer', 5));

// Prints: -1
console.log(buf.lastIndexOf('buffer', 4));


const utf16Buffer = Buffer.from('\u039a\u0391\u03a3\u03a3\u0395', 'ucs2');

// Prints: 6
console.log(utf16Buffer.lastIndexOf('\u03a3', null, 'ucs2'));

// Prints: 4
console.log(utf16Buffer.lastIndexOf('\u03a3', -5, 'ucs2'));

buf.length

{Number}

Returns the amount of memory allocated for the Buffer in number of bytes. Note that this does not necessarily reflect the amount of usable data within the Buffer. For instance, in the example below, a Buffer with 1234 bytes is allocated, but only 11 ASCII bytes are written.

const buf = Buffer.alloc(1234);

// Prints: 1234
console.log(buf.length);

buf.write('some string', 0, 'ascii');

// Prints: 1234
console.log(buf.length);

While the length property is not immutable, changing the value of length can result in undefined and inconsistent behavior. Applications that wish to modify the length of a Buffer should therefore treat length as read-only and use buf.slice() to create a new Buffer.

var buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(10);

buf.write('abcdefghj', 0, 'ascii');

// Prints: 10
console.log(buf.length);

buf = buf.slice(0, 5);

// Prints: 5
console.log(buf.length);

buf.readDoubleBE(offset[, noAssert])

buf.readDoubleLE(offset[, noAssert])

offset {Number} 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 8
noAssert {Boolean} Default: false
Return: {Number}

Reads a 64-bit double from the Buffer at the specified offset with specified endian format (readDoubleBE() returns big endian, readDoubleLE() returns little endian).

Setting noAssert to true skips validation of the offset. This allows the offset to be beyond the end of the Buffer.

const buf = Buffer.from([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]);

// Prints: 8.20788039913184e-304
console.log(buf.readDoubleBE());

// Prints: 5.447603722011605e-270
console.log(buf.readDoubleLE());

// Throws an exception: RangeError: Index out of range
console.log(buf.readDoubleLE(1));

// Warning: reads passed end of buffer!
// This will result in a segmentation fault! Don't do this!
console.log(buf.readDoubleLE(1, true));

buf.readFloatBE(offset[, noAssert])

buf.readFloatLE(offset[, noAssert])

offset {Number} 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 4
noAssert {Boolean} Default: false
Return: {Number}

Reads a 32-bit float from the Buffer at the specified offset with specified endian format (readFloatBE() returns big endian, readFloatLE() returns little endian).

Setting noAssert to true skips validation of the offset. This allows the offset to be beyond the end of the Buffer.

const buf = Buffer.from([1, 2, 3, 4]);

// Prints: 2.387939260590663e-38
console.log(buf.readFloatBE());

// Prints: 1.539989614439558e-36
console.log(buf.readFloatLE());

// Throws an exception: RangeError: Index out of range
console.log(buf.readFloatLE(1));

// Warning: reads passed end of buffer!
// This will result in a segmentation fault! Don't do this!
console.log(buf.readFloatLE(1, true));

buf.readInt8(offset[, noAssert])

offset {Number} 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 1
noAssert {Boolean} Default: false
Return: {Number}

Reads a signed 8-bit integer from the Buffer at the specified offset.

Setting noAssert to true skips validation of the offset. This allows the offset to be beyond the end of the Buffer.

Integers read from the Buffer are interpreted as two's complement signed values.

const buf = Buffer.from([-1, 5]);

// Prints: -1
console.log(buf.readInt8(0));

// Prints: 5
console.log(buf.readInt8(1));

// Throws an exception: RangeError: Index out of range
console.log(buf.readInt8(2));

buf.readInt16BE(offset[, noAssert])

buf.readInt16LE(offset[, noAssert])

offset {Number} 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 2
noAssert {Boolean} Default: false
Return: {Number}

Reads a signed 16-bit integer from the Buffer at the specified offset with the specified endian format (readInt16BE() returns big endian, readInt16LE() returns little endian).

Setting noAssert to true skips validation of the offset. This allows the offset to be beyond the end of the Buffer.

Integers read from the Buffer are interpreted as two's complement signed values.

const buf = Buffer.from([0, 5]);

// Prints: 5
console.log(buf.readInt16BE());

// Prints: 1280
console.log(buf.readInt16LE(1));

// Throws an exception: RangeError: Index out of range
console.log(buf.readInt16LE(1));

buf.readInt32BE(offset[, noAssert])

buf.readInt32LE(offset[, noAssert])

offset {Number} 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 4
noAssert {Boolean} Default: false
Return: {Number}

Reads a signed 32-bit integer from the Buffer at the specified offset with the specified endian format (readInt32BE() returns big endian, readInt32LE() returns little endian).

Setting noAssert to true skips validation of the offset. This allows the offset to be beyond the end of the Buffer.

Integers read from the Buffer are interpreted as two's complement signed values.

const buf = Buffer.from([0, 0, 0, 5]);

// Prints: 5
console.log(buf.readInt32BE());

// Prints: 83886080
console.log(buf.readInt32LE());

// Throws an exception: RangeError: Index out of range
console.log(buf.readInt32LE(1));

buf.readIntBE(offset, byteLength[, noAssert])

buf.readIntLE(offset, byteLength[, noAssert])

offset {Number} 0 <= offset <= buf.length - byteLength
byteLength {Number} 0 < byteLength <= 6
noAssert {Boolean} Default: false
Return: {Number}

Reads byteLength number of bytes from the Buffer at the specified offset and interprets the result as a two's complement signed value. Supports up to 48 bits of accuracy. For example:

const buf = Buffer.from([0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x90, 0xab]);

// Prints: 1234567890ab
console.log(buf.readIntLE(0, 6).toString(16));

// Prints: -546f87a9cbee
console.log(buf.readIntBE(0, 6).toString(16));

// Throws an exception: RangeError: Index out of range
console.log(buf.readIntBE(1, 6).toString(16));

Setting noAssert to true skips validation of the offset. This allows the offset to be beyond the end of the Buffer.

buf.readUInt8(offset[, noAssert])

offset {Number} 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 1
noAssert {Boolean} Default: false
Return: {Number}

Reads an unsigned 8-bit integer from the Buffer at the specified offset.

Setting noAssert to true skips validation of the offset. This allows the offset to be beyond the end of the Buffer.

const buf = Buffer.from([1, -2]);

// Prints: 1
console.log(buf.readUInt8(0));

// Prints: 254
console.log(buf.readUInt8(1));

// Throws an exception: RangeError: Index out of range
console.log(buf.readUInt8(2));

buf.readUInt16BE(offset[, noAssert])

buf.readUInt16LE(offset[, noAssert])

offset {Number} 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 2
noAssert {Boolean} Default: false
Return: {Number}

Reads an unsigned 16-bit integer from the Buffer at the specified offset with specified endian format (readUInt16BE() returns big endian, readUInt16LE() returns little endian).

Setting noAssert to true skips validation of the offset. This allows the offset to be beyond the end of the Buffer.

Example:

const buf = Buffer.from([0x12, 0x34, 0x56]);

// Prints: 1234
console.log(buf.readUInt16BE(0).toString(16));

// Prints: 3412
console.log(buf.readUInt16LE(0).toString(16));

// Prints: 3456
console.log(buf.readUInt16BE(1).toString(16));

// Prints: 5634
console.log(buf.readUInt16LE(1).toString(16));

// Throws an exception: RangeError: Index out of range
console.log(buf.readUInt16LE(2).toString(16));

buf.readUInt32BE(offset[, noAssert])

buf.readUInt32LE(offset[, noAssert])

offset {Number} 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 4
noAssert {Boolean} Default: false
Return: {Number}

Reads an unsigned 32-bit integer from the Buffer at the specified offset with specified endian format (readUInt32BE() returns big endian, readUInt32LE() returns little endian).

Setting noAssert to true skips validation of the offset. This allows the offset to be beyond the end of the Buffer.

Example:

const buf = Buffer.from([0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78]);

// Prints: 12345678
console.log(buf.readUInt32BE(0).toString(16));

// Prints: 78563412
console.log(buf.readUInt32LE(0).toString(16));

// Throws an exception: RangeError: Index out of range
console.log(buf.readUInt32LE(1).toString(16));

buf.readUIntBE(offset, byteLength[, noAssert])

buf.readUIntLE(offset, byteLength[, noAssert])

offset {Number} 0 <= offset <= buf.length - byteLength
byteLength {Number} 0 < byteLength <= 6
noAssert {Boolean} Default: false
Return: {Number}

Reads byteLength number of bytes from the Buffer at the specified offset and interprets the result as an unsigned integer. Supports up to 48 bits of accuracy. For example:

const buf = Buffer.from([0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x90, 0xab]);

// Prints: 1234567890ab
console.log(buf.readUIntLE(0, 6).toString(16));

// Prints: ab9078563412
console.log(buf.readUIntBE(0, 6).toString(16));

// Throws an exception: RangeError: Index out of range
console.log(buf.readUIntBE(1, 6).toString(16));

Setting noAssert to true skips validation of the offset. This allows the offset to be beyond the end of the Buffer.

buf.slice([start[, end]])

start {Number} Default: 0
end {Number} Default: buffer.length
Return: {Buffer}

Returns a new Buffer that references the same memory as the original, but offset and cropped by the start and end indices.

Note that modifying the new Buffer slice will modify the memory in the original Buffer because the allocated memory of the two objects overlap.

Example: build a Buffer with the ASCII alphabet, take a slice, then modify one byte from the original Buffer.

const buf1 = Buffer.allocUnsafe(26);

for (var i = 0 ; i < 26 ; i++) {
  // 97 is the decimal ASCII value for 'a'
  buf1[i] = i + 97;
}

const buf2 = buf1.slice(0, 3);

// Prints: abc
console.log(buf2.toString('ascii', 0, buf2.length));

buf1[0] = 33;

// Prints: !bc
console.log(buf2.toString('ascii', 0, buf2.length));

Specifying negative indexes causes the slice to be generated relative to the end of the Buffer rather than the beginning.

const buf = Buffer.from('buffer');

// Prints: buffe
// (Equivalent to buf.slice(0, 5))
console.log(buf.slice(-6, -1).toString());

// Prints: buff
// (Equivalent to buf.slice(0, 4))
console.log(buf.slice(-6, -2).toString());

// Prints: uff
// (Equivalent to buf.slice(1, 4))
console.log(buf.slice(-5, -2).toString());

buf.swap16()

Return: {Buffer}

Interprets the Buffer as an array of unsigned 16-bit integers and swaps the byte-order in-place. Throws a RangeError if the Buffer length is not a multiple of 16 bits. The method returns a reference to the Buffer, so calls can be chained.

const buf1 = Buffer.from([0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4, 0x5, 0x6, 0x7, 0x8]);

// Prints: <Buffer 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08>
console.log(buf1);

buf1.swap16();

// Prints: <Buffer 02 01 04 03 06 05 08 07>
console.log(buf1);


const buf2 = Buffer.from([0x1, 0x2, 0x3]);

// Throws an exception: RangeError: Buffer size must be a multiple of 16-bits
buf2.swap32();

buf.swap32()

Return: {Buffer}

Interprets the Buffer as an array of unsigned 32-bit integers and swaps the byte-order in-place. Throws a RangeError if the Buffer length is not a multiple of 32 bits. The method returns a reference to the Buffer, so calls can be chained.

const buf1 = Buffer.from([0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4, 0x5, 0x6, 0x7, 0x8]);

// Prints <Buffer 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08>
console.log(buf1);

buf1.swap32();

// Prints <Buffer 04 03 02 01 08 07 06 05>
console.log(buf1);


const buf2 = Buffer.from([0x1, 0x2, 0x3]);

// Throws an exception: RangeError: Buffer size must be a multiple of 32-bits
buf2.swap32();

buf.swap64()

Return: {Buffer}

Interprets the Buffer as an array of 64-bit numbers and swaps the byte-order in-place. Throws a RangeError if the Buffer length is not a multiple of 64 bits. The method returns a reference to the Buffer, so calls can be chained.

const buf1 = Buffer.from([0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4, 0x5, 0x6, 0x7, 0x8]);

// Prints <Buffer 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08>
console.log(buf1);

buf1.swap64();

// Prints <Buffer 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01>
console.log(buf1);


const buf2 = Buffer.from([0x1, 0x2, 0x3]);

// Throws an exception: RangeError: Buffer size must be a multiple of 64-bits
buf2.swap64();

Note that JavaScript cannot encode 64-bit integers. This method is intended for working with 64-bit floats.

buf.toString([encoding[, start[, end]]])

encoding {String} Default: 'utf8'
start {Number} Default: 0
end {Number} Default: buffer.length
Return: {String}

Decodes and returns a string from the Buffer data using the specified character set encoding.

const buf1 = Buffer.allocUnsafe(26);

for (var i = 0 ; i < 26 ; i++) {
  // 97 is the decimal ASCII value for 'a'
  buf1[i] = i + 97;
}

// Prints: abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
console.log(buf.toString('ascii'));

// Prints: abcde
console.log(buf.toString('ascii', 0, 5));


const buf2 = Buffer.from('tést');

// Prints: tés
console.log(buf.toString('utf8', 0, 3));

// Prints: tés
console.log(buf.toString(undefined, 0, 3));

buf.toJSON()

Return: {Object}

Returns a JSON representation of buf. JSON.stringify() implicitly calls this function when stringifying a Buffer instance.

Example:

const buf = Buffer.from([0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4, 0x5]);
const json = JSON.stringify(buf);

// Prints: {"type":"Buffer","data":[1,2,3,4,5]}
console.log(json);

const copy = JSON.parse(json, (key, value) => {
  return value && value.type === 'Buffer'
    ? Buffer.from(value.data)
    : value;
});

// Prints: <Buffer 01 02 03 04 05>
console.log(copy);

buf.values()

Return: {Iterator}

Creates and returns an iterator for buf values (bytes). This function is called automatically when a Buffer is used in a for..of statement.

const buf = Buffer.from('buffer');

// Prints:
//   98
//   117
//   102
//   102
//   101
//   114
for (var value of buf.values()) {
  console.log(value);
}

// Prints:
//   98
//   117
//   102
//   102
//   101
//   114
for (var value of buf) {
  console.log(value);
}

buf.write(string[, offset[, length]][, encoding])

string {String} Bytes to be written to buffer
offset {Number} Default: 0
length {Number} Default: buffer.length - offset
encoding {String} Default: 'utf8'
Return: {Number} Numbers of bytes written

Writes string to the Buffer at offset using the given encoding. The length parameter is the number of bytes to write. If the Buffer did not contain enough space to fit the entire string, only a partial amount of the string will be written however, it will not write only partially encoded characters.

const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(256);

const len = buf.write('\u00bd + \u00bc = \u00be', 0);

// Prints: 12 bytes: ½ + ¼ = ¾
console.log(`${len} bytes: ${buf.toString('utf8', 0, len)}`);

buf.writeDoubleBE(value, offset[, noAssert])

buf.writeDoubleLE(value, offset[, noAssert])

value {Number} Bytes to be written to Buffer
offset {Number} 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 8
noAssert {Boolean} Default: false
Return: {Number} The offset plus the number of written bytes

Writes value to the Buffer at the specified offset with specified endian format (writeDoubleBE() writes big endian, writeDoubleLE() writes little endian). The value argument should be a valid 64-bit double. Behavior is not defined when value is anything other than a 64-bit double.

Set noAssert to true to skip validation of value and offset. This means that value may be too large for the specific function and offset may be beyond the end of the Buffer leading to the values being silently dropped. This should not be used unless you are certain of correctness.

Example:

const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(8);

buf.writeDoubleBE(0xdeadbeefcafebabe, 0);

// Prints: <Buffer 43 eb d5 b7 dd f9 5f d7>
console.log(buf);

buf.writeDoubleLE(0xdeadbeefcafebabe, 0);

// Prints: <Buffer d7 5f f9 dd b7 d5 eb 43>
console.log(buf);

buf.writeFloatBE(value, offset[, noAssert])

buf.writeFloatLE(value, offset[, noAssert])

value {Number} Bytes to be written to Buffer
offset {Number} 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 4
noAssert {Boolean} Default: false
Return: {Number} The offset plus the number of written bytes

Writes value to the Buffer at the specified offset with specified endian format (writeFloatBE() writes big endian, writeFloatLE() writes little endian). Behavior is not defined when value is anything other than a 32-bit float.

Example:

const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(4);

buf.writeFloatBE(0xcafebabe, 0);

// Prints: <Buffer 4f 4a fe bb>
console.log(buf);

buf.writeFloatLE(0xcafebabe, 0);

// Prints: <Buffer bb fe 4a 4f>
console.log(buf);

buf.writeInt8(value, offset[, noAssert])

value {Number} Bytes to be written to Buffer
offset {Number} 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 1
noAssert {Boolean} Default: false
Return: {Number} The offset plus the number of written bytes

Writes value to the Buffer at the specified offset. The value should be a valid signed 8-bit integer. Behavior is not defined when value is anything other than a signed 8-bit integer.

The value is interpreted and written as a two's complement signed integer.

const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(2);

buf.writeInt8(2, 0);
buf.writeInt8(-2, 1);

// Prints: <Buffer 02 fe>
console.log(buf);

buf.writeInt16BE(value, offset[, noAssert])

buf.writeInt16LE(value, offset[, noAssert])

value {Number} Bytes to be written to Buffer
offset {Number} 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 2
noAssert {Boolean} Default: false
Return: {Number} The offset plus the number of written bytes

Writes value to the Buffer at the specified offset with specified endian format (writeInt16BE() writes big endian, writeInt16LE() writes little endian). The value should be a valid signed 16-bit integer. Behavior is not defined when value is anything other than a signed 16-bit integer.

The value is interpreted and written as a two's complement signed integer.

const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(4);

buf.writeInt16BE(0x0102, 0);
buf.writeInt16LE(0x0304, 2);

// Prints: <Buffer 01 02 04 03>
console.log(buf);

buf.writeInt32BE(value, offset[, noAssert])

buf.writeInt32LE(value, offset[, noAssert])

value {Number} Bytes to be written to Buffer
offset {Number} 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 4
noAssert {Boolean} Default: false
Return: {Number} The offset plus the number of written bytes

Writes value to the Buffer at the specified offset with specified endian format (writeInt32BE() writes big endian, writeInt32LE() writes little endian). The value should be a valid signed 32-bit integer. Behavior is not defined when value is anything other than a signed 32-bit integer.

The value is interpreted and written as a two's complement signed integer.

const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(8);

buf.writeInt32BE(0x01020304, 0);
buf.writeInt32LE(0x05060708, 4);

// Prints: <Buffer 01 02 03 04 08 07 06 05>
console.log(buf);

buf.writeIntBE(value, offset, byteLength[, noAssert])

buf.writeIntLE(value, offset, byteLength[, noAssert])

value {Number} Bytes to be written to Buffer
offset {Number} 0 <= offset <= buf.length - byteLength
byteLength {Number} 0 < byteLength <= 6
noAssert {Boolean} Default: false
Return: {Number} The offset plus the number of written bytes

Writes value to the Buffer at the specified offset and byteLength. Supports up to 48 bits of accuracy. For example:

const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(6);

buf.writeUIntBE(0x1234567890ab, 0, 6);

// Prints: <Buffer 12 34 56 78 90 ab>
console.log(buf);

buf.writeUIntLE(0x1234567890ab, 0, 6);

// Prints: <Buffer ab 90 78 56 34 12>
console.log(buf);

Behavior is not defined when value is anything other than an integer.

buf.writeUInt8(value, offset[, noAssert])

value {Number} Bytes to be written to Buffer
offset {Number} 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 1
noAssert {Boolean} Default: false
Return: {Number} The offset plus the number of written bytes

Writes value to the Buffer at the specified offset. The value should be a valid unsigned 8-bit integer. Behavior is not defined when value is anything other than an unsigned 8-bit integer.

Example:

const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(4);

buf.writeUInt8(0x3, 0);
buf.writeUInt8(0x4, 1);
buf.writeUInt8(0x23, 2);
buf.writeUInt8(0x42, 3);

// Prints: <Buffer 03 04 23 42>
console.log(buf);

buf.writeUInt16BE(value, offset[, noAssert])

buf.writeUInt16LE(value, offset[, noAssert])

value {Number} Bytes to be written to Buffer
offset {Number} 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 2
noAssert {Boolean} Default: false
Return: {Number} The offset plus the number of written bytes

Writes value to the Buffer at the specified offset with specified endian format (writeUInt16BE() writes big endian, writeUInt16LE() writes little endian). The value should be a valid unsigned 16-bit integer. Behavior is not defined when value is anything other than an unsigned 16-bit integer.

Example:

const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(4);

buf.writeUInt16BE(0xdead, 0);
buf.writeUInt16BE(0xbeef, 2);

// Prints: <Buffer de ad be ef>
console.log(buf);

buf.writeUInt16LE(0xdead, 0);
buf.writeUInt16LE(0xbeef, 2);

// Prints: <Buffer ad de ef be>
console.log(buf);

buf.writeUInt32BE(value, offset[, noAssert])

buf.writeUInt32LE(value, offset[, noAssert])

value {Number} Bytes to be written to Buffer
offset {Number} 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 4
noAssert {Boolean} Default: false
Return: {Number} The offset plus the number of written bytes

Writes value to the Buffer at the specified offset with specified endian format (writeUInt32BE() writes big endian, writeUInt32LE() writes little endian). The value should be a valid unsigned 32-bit integer. Behavior is not defined when value is anything other than an unsigned 32-bit integer.

Example:

const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(4);

buf.writeUInt32BE(0xfeedface, 0);

// Prints: <Buffer fe ed fa ce>
console.log(buf);

buf.writeUInt32LE(0xfeedface, 0);

// Prints: <Buffer ce fa ed fe>
console.log(buf);

buf.writeUIntBE(value, offset, byteLength[, noAssert])

buf.writeUIntLE(value, offset, byteLength[, noAssert])

value {Number} Bytes to be written to Buffer
offset {Number} 0 <= offset <= buf.length - byteLength
byteLength {Number} 0 < byteLength <= 6
noAssert {Boolean} Default: false
Return: {Number} The offset plus the number of written bytes

Writes value to the Buffer at the specified offset and byteLength. Supports up to 48 bits of accuracy. For example:

const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(6);

buf.writeUIntBE(0x1234567890ab, 0, 6);

// Prints: <Buffer 12 34 56 78 90 ab>
console.log(buf);

buf.writeUIntLE(0x1234567890ab, 0, 6);

// Prints: <Buffer ab 90 78 56 34 12>
console.log(buf);

Behavior is not defined when value is anything other than an unsigned integer.

buffer.INSPECT_MAX_BYTES

{Number} Default: 50

Returns the maximum number of bytes that will be returned when buf.inspect() is called. This can be overridden by user modules. See util.inspect() for more details on buf.inspect() behavior.

Note that this is a property on the buffer module as returned by require('buffer'), not on the Buffer global or a Buffer instance.

Class: SlowBuffer

Stability: 0 - Deprecated: Use [`Buffer.allocUnsafeSlow()`] instead.

Returns an un-pooled Buffer.

In order to avoid the garbage collection overhead of creating many individually allocated Buffers, by default allocations under 4KB are sliced from a single larger allocated object. This approach improves both performance and memory usage since v8 does not need to track and cleanup as many Persistent objects.

In the case where a developer may need to retain a small chunk of memory from a pool for an indeterminate amount of time, it may be appropriate to create an un-pooled Buffer instance using SlowBuffer then copy out the relevant bits.

// Need to keep around a few small chunks of memory
const store = [];

socket.on('readable', () => {
  const data = socket.read();

  // Allocate for retained data
  const sb = SlowBuffer(10);

  // Copy the data into the new allocation
  data.copy(sb, 0, 0, 10);

  store.push(sb);
});

Use of SlowBuffer should be used only as a last resort after a developer has observed undue memory retention in their applications.

new SlowBuffer(size)

Stability: 0 - Deprecated: Use [`Buffer.allocUnsafeSlow()`] instead.

size Number

Allocates a new SlowBuffer of size bytes. The size must be less than or equal to the value of require('buffer').kMaxLength (on 64-bit architectures, kMaxLength is (2^31)-1). Otherwise, a RangeError is thrown. A zero-length Buffer will be created if a size less than or equal to 0 is specified.

The underlying memory for SlowBuffer instances is not initialized. The contents of a newly created SlowBuffer are unknown and could contain sensitive data. Use buf.fill(0) to initialize a SlowBuffer to zeroes.

const SlowBuffer = require('buffer').SlowBuffer;

const buf = new SlowBuffer(5);

// Prints (contents may vary): <Buffer 78 e0 82 02 01>
console.log(buf);

buf.fill(0);

// Prints: <Buffer 00 00 00 00 00>
console.log(buf);

64 KiB Raw Blame History

Buffer

Buffer.from(), Buffer.alloc(), and Buffer.allocUnsafe()

The --zero-fill-buffers command line option

What makes Buffer.allocUnsafe() and Buffer.allocUnsafeSlow() "unsafe"?

Buffers and Character Encodings

Buffers and TypedArray

Buffers and ES6 iteration

Class: Buffer

new Buffer(array)

new Buffer(buffer)

new Buffer(arrayBuffer[, byteOffset [, length]])

new Buffer(size)

new Buffer(str[, encoding])

Class Method: Buffer.alloc(size[, fill[, encoding]])

Class Method: Buffer.allocUnsafe(size)

Class Method: Buffer.allocUnsafeSlow(size)

Class Method: Buffer.byteLength(string[, encoding])

Class Method: Buffer.compare(buf1, buf2)

Class Method: Buffer.concat(list[, totalLength])

Class Method: Buffer.from(array)

Class Method: Buffer.from(arrayBuffer[, byteOffset[, length]])

Class Method: Buffer.from(buffer)

Class Method: Buffer.from(str[, encoding])

Class Method: Buffer.isBuffer(obj)

Class Method: Buffer.isEncoding(encoding)

buf[index]

buf.compare(target[, targetStart[, targetEnd[, sourceStart[, sourceEnd]]]])

buf.copy(targetBuffer[, targetStart[, sourceStart[, sourceEnd]]])

buf.entries()

buf.equals(otherBuffer)

buf.fill(value[, offset[, end]][, encoding])

buf.indexOf(value[, byteOffset][, encoding])

buf.includes(value[, byteOffset][, encoding])

buf.keys()

buf.lastIndexOf(value[, byteOffset][, encoding])

buf.length

buf.readDoubleBE(offset[, noAssert])

buf.readDoubleLE(offset[, noAssert])

buf.readFloatBE(offset[, noAssert])

buf.readFloatLE(offset[, noAssert])

buf.readInt8(offset[, noAssert])

buf.readInt16BE(offset[, noAssert])

buf.readInt16LE(offset[, noAssert])

buf.readInt32BE(offset[, noAssert])

buf.readInt32LE(offset[, noAssert])

buf.readIntBE(offset, byteLength[, noAssert])

buf.readIntLE(offset, byteLength[, noAssert])

buf.readUInt8(offset[, noAssert])

buf.readUInt16BE(offset[, noAssert])

buf.readUInt16LE(offset[, noAssert])

buf.readUInt32BE(offset[, noAssert])

buf.readUInt32LE(offset[, noAssert])

buf.readUIntBE(offset, byteLength[, noAssert])

buf.readUIntLE(offset, byteLength[, noAssert])

buf.slice([start[, end]])

buf.swap16()

buf.swap32()

buf.swap64()

buf.toString([encoding[, start[, end]]])

buf.toJSON()

buf.values()

buf.write(string[, offset[, length]][, encoding])

buf.writeDoubleBE(value, offset[, noAssert])

buf.writeDoubleLE(value, offset[, noAssert])

buf.writeFloatBE(value, offset[, noAssert])

buf.writeFloatLE(value, offset[, noAssert])

buf.writeInt8(value, offset[, noAssert])

buf.writeInt16BE(value, offset[, noAssert])

buf.writeInt16LE(value, offset[, noAssert])

buf.writeInt32BE(value, offset[, noAssert])

buf.writeInt32LE(value, offset[, noAssert])

buf.writeIntBE(value, offset, byteLength[, noAssert])

buf.writeIntLE(value, offset, byteLength[, noAssert])

buf.writeUInt8(value, offset[, noAssert])

buf.writeUInt16BE(value, offset[, noAssert])

buf.writeUInt16LE(value, offset[, noAssert])

buf.writeUInt32BE(value, offset[, noAssert])

buf.writeUInt32LE(value, offset[, noAssert])

buf.writeUIntBE(value, offset, byteLength[, noAssert])

64 KiB

Raw Blame History

`Buffer.from()`, `Buffer.alloc()`, and `Buffer.allocUnsafe()`

The `--zero-fill-buffers` command line option

What makes `Buffer.allocUnsafe()` and `Buffer.allocUnsafeSlow()` "unsafe"?